Mammography is an X-ray method for examining the breasts and regional lymph nodes. The X-ray image visualizes the structure of fatty and connective tissues, glandular elements, as well as the shadows of blood vessels. Mammography is considered informative for diagnosing malignant tumors, mastopathy, and cysts. A mammogram represents an image of the breast obtained under compression in lateral, frontal, and oblique projections.
Your doctor may recommend that you undergo a mammogram even if you have no symptoms. This is called screening mammography. It is also used for diagnosis if there are symptoms such as a lump or pain in the breast. Mammography shows whether there are any abnormalities in the breast tissue. This is called diagnostic mammography. Breast cancer accounts for 14% of all types of cancer. Therefore, early detection through mammography is of great importance.
How is a mammogram performed?
Mammography is performed using a special X-ray machine. You will stand in front of the machine and place your breast on a platform. The breast is fixed on the platform and subjected to some pressure. To obtain an image of the breast from the side, these steps are repeated for both sides. To ensure the mammogram is performed correctly, the technician may ask you to wait. However, during the waiting period, you will not receive information about the results of the test.
Mammography in pregnant women
Before undergoing a mammogram, if you are breastfeeding or pregnant, you may need to inform your doctor. It is also recommended not to undergo mammography one week before or during menstruation, as the breasts can be more sensitive during these times, and the procedure may cause discomfort. If you have breast implants or have recently had a vaccination, you should also inform your doctor.
Preparation for mammography
Before undergoing a mammogram, there are preparation steps. The preparation includes the following recommendations:
There are no restrictions regarding food and drink, so you do not need to be hungry before the mammogram.
On the day of the mammogram, avoid using perfume, lotions, powders, and other cosmetics. These products can distort the accuracy of the X-ray images.
Before the procedure, avoid wearing one-piece clothing, as the upper part of your clothing will need to be removed during the procedure. A gown will be provided to you at the location where the mammogram is performed.
Things to consider during the mammography procedure
There are several things to keep in mind during the procedure:
You will need to remove all clothing and jewelry above the waist. A dressing room and gown will be provided at the mammography location.
After you remove your clothing and jewelry, you will need to stand in front of the mammography machine. The technician will ask you to place each breast on the plate one at a time.
When the breast is placed on the plate, the technician will activate the machine, which will compress the breast between the plates. This compression may last for 3-5 seconds, and you may feel discomfort and pressure. If the pressure becomes unbearable, inform the technician.
When the breast is compressed, the machine will take an X-ray image.
This procedure is repeated for both breasts.
After the procedure is complete, when the technician informs you that everything is ready, you can put on your clothes and jewelry.
Types of mammography
There are two types of mammography: two-dimensional digital mammography and three-dimensional digital mammography (tomosynthesis). Two-dimensional digital mammography uses X-rays to obtain an image of the breast. It usually involves at least two images of each breast taken from different angles. In tomosynthesis, the breast is compressed only once. This method provides a clearer image of the breast tissue compared to two-dimensional mammography. Tomosynthesis can detect breast cancer even at early stages. Since it can detect even the smallest tumors, tomosynthesis is becoming the preferred choice for both screening and diagnosis.
Radiation safety during mammography
Mammography subjects the breast to a small amount of radiation. While radiation from mammography can be harmful, the results of the examination can be more significant. However, if you are pregnant or there is a possibility of pregnancy, you should discuss this with your doctor. If you are not at risk for breast cancer, your doctor may suggest postponing the screening.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is mammography a painful procedure?
Mammography can be painful for some people. It depends on the size of the breast, the degree of compression, and the presence of menstruation. However, since the procedure lasts for a very short time and creates only temporary pressure, it is usually not unbearable.
When will I receive the results of the mammogram?
Mammography results typically appear within a few days, although this may depend on the hospital’s workload. If the results are delayed, you can contact the hospital for information.
What should I do if the mammogram shows abnormal results?
Abnormal mammography results do not always indicate the presence of cancer. However, your doctor may suggest additional mammograms or other tests to confirm the diagnosis.
At what age should I start getting mammograms?
Women are recommended to have a mammogram annually starting at age 40. However, if you are at risk for breast cancer, you may need to have a mammogram at an earlier age. If you have previously had breast cancer, if there is a history of breast or ovarian cancer in your family, or if you have dense breast tissue, you should consult with your doctor regarding the frequency of mammograms.
What is the difference between screening and diagnostic mammography?
These two tests are very similar but differ in their main purpose and frequency. Screening mammography is performed to detect breast cancer even if you have no symptoms. Diagnostic mammography is performed if you have symptoms. In both cases, the doctor examines the entire breast.
